Article

Improvement of Fractional Flow Reserve after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Does Not Necessarily Indicate Increased Coronary Flow

Register or Login to View PDF Permissions
Permissions× For commercial reprint enquiries please contact Springer Healthcare: ReprintsWarehouse@springernature.com.

For permissions and non-commercial reprint enquiries, please visit Copyright.com to start a request.

For author reprints, please email rob.barclay@radcliffe-group.com.
Information image
Average (ratings)
No ratings
Your rating

Abstract

Coronary flow is expected to increase by epicardial lesion modification after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in stable angina. According to the concept of fractional flow reserve (FFR), the improvement in FFR after PCI reflects the extent of coronary flow increase. However, this theory assumes that hyperaemic microvascular resistance does not change after PCI, which is being refuted in recent studies. The authors quantitated regional absolute coronary blood flow (ABF) before and after PCI using a thermodilution method and compared it with FFR in 28 patients with stable coronary artery disease who had undergone successful PCI. Although FFR indicated changes in ABF, with a mean difference of −5.5 ml/min, there was no significant relationship between individual changes in FFR and in ABF (R=0.27, p=0.16). The discrepancy was partly explained by changes in microvascular resistance following PCI. These results suggest that changes in FFR do not necessarily indicate an increase in absolute coronary blood flow following PCI in individual patients, although they could be correlated in a cohort level.

Disclosure:The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.

Received:

Accepted:

Published online:

Correspondence Details:Tsunekazu Kakuta, Department of Cardiology, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, 4-4-1 Otsuno, Tsuchiura City, Ibaraki, 300-0028, Japan. E: kaz@joy.email.ne.jp

Open Access:

This work is open access under the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License which allows users to copy, redistribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is cited correctly.

Clinical and economic benefits of fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided revascularisation have been established and the strategy is a class-1 recommendation in current guidelines.1,2 FFR values both before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have been reported to provide prognostic information.3–5

Originally, FFR was used as a surrogate measure of impaired coronary flow, and employed to compare flow without epicardial stenosis; the change in coronary flow before and after PCI could be evaluated, and minimum microvascular resistance under drug-induced vasodilation was assumed to remain constant. However, recent data have cast doubt on this presumption and indicate potential limitations of FFR in representing coronary flow change after PCI.6–9

In this article, we present our results about the relationship between changes in FFR and absolute coronary flow volume and discuss other recent studies examining this topic.

Methods

The present analyses were based on data from a recent report by our group. Changes in absolute coronary blood flow (ABF) and hyperaemic microvascular resistance (MR) after PCI were assessed using the thermodilution method.6 In brief, a small infusion catheter with a distal end-hole (3.9 Fr, Kiwami) was advanced over a pressure-temperature sensor-tipped guidewire, placed in the proximal portion of the coronary artery, and saline was continuously infused through the catheter. Pressure and temperature were continuously recorded using the guidewire, which was pulled back from distal segment into the infusion catheter. ABF and MR were calculated as follows:

Hyperaemic MR = distal coronary pressure/ABF (dyne∙s∙cm−5)

Moreover, on the basis of FFR theory in which MR is constant during PCI procedure, we calculated the theoretically expected post-PCI ABF as follows:

Delta ABF and FFR were defined as the post-PCI value minus the pre-PCI value.

We recruited 28 patients with stable angina who underwent PCI and ABF/FFR assessment both before and after PCI. Successful PCI was performed in all the patients and no periprocedural MI was documented. FFR was improved following PCI in every patient. We examined the association between: delta ABF and delta FFR; expected and measured post-PCI ABF and the difference between ‘expected and measured post-PCI ABF’; and changes in hyperaemic MR following PCI. The associations were measured by scatter plots and Pearson correlation coefficient using JMP 11.2.0 (SAS Institute).

Changes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Article image

Table 1: Baseline Characteristics

Article image

Results

The present cohort had lesions and a median FFR of 0.70 (IQR 0.65–0.75). The mean age of the patients was 67.6 years (SD 11.8 years) and 89.3% (25/28) were male. Baseline characteristics are summarised in Table 1.

At cohort level, ABF significantly increased following PCI from a median 137.8 ml/min before to 173.3 ml/min after the procedure. However, at an individual level, six patients (21.4%) showed a decrease in ABF after PCI. The relationship between delta ABF and delta FFR was not significant (R=0.27, p=0.16) (Figure 1A). Delta ABF was widely distributed for lesions with delta FFR <0.2, which suggests that PCI might not necessarily improve coronary flow.

Figure 1B shows a Bland-Altman plot for measured and expected post-PCI ABF. Although the mean difference was −5.5 ml/min (measured ABF: 185.0 ml/min; expected ABF: 190.5 ml/min), the difference values varied greatly between individuals, and the 95% CI was relatively wide (−35.6–24.6 ml/min). Changes in FFR reflected changes in coronary flow well at a cohort level but poorly at an individual level.

Finally, we calculated the difference between expected and measured post-PCI ABF and compared the values with changes in hyperaemic MR following PCI (Figure 1C). The linear association was strong and robust (R=0.72, p<0.001). The results imply that coronary flow might decrease when hyperaemic MR increases following PCI.

Discussion

The present study provides evidence of the limitations of FFR in predicting absolute changes in coronary flow following PCI. Changes in MR might play a role in the discrepancy between changes in FFR and in absolute coronary flow.

Driessen et al. demonstrated a strong linear relationship between an improvement in FFR and an increase in myocardial blood flow, measured by serial PET examinations, following PCI.9 Their data are consistent with our study because strong relationships were observed especially in cases demonstrating high FFR improvement were likely to be associated with high myocardial blood flow improvement, and because changes in myocardial blood flow varied when the FFR was close to the grey zone. Another study investigating PCI-related changes in myocardial flow, which used phase-contrast cine cardiac MRI, also supports this observation.8 Importantly, these reports consistently demonstrate the phenomenon that PCI could result in a decrease in global myocardial blood flow.

These data suggest an important limitation of FFR as a surrogate measure for coronary blood flow, counterarguing the assumption that microvascular resistance under drug-induced vasodilation is constant from pre-PCI to post-PCI. Under the assumption, Ohm’s law suggests that the absolute blood flow should increase in all cases after PCI, since PCI increases distal coronary pressure as well as FFR value in almost all cases. The cases in which a decrease in coronary flow was documented imply that PCI that could potentially lead to an increase in microvascular resistance. The present study directly demonstrates this hypothesis by showing the relationship between the difference between the expected and actual post-PCI ABF and the change in microvascular resistance following PCI.

Change in coronary blood flow may be an important marker for evaluating the benefit of PCI. Several large randomised trials have shown the non-inferiority of optimal medical therapy to an invasive strategy.10 A double-blinded randomised trial demonstrated a non-significant efficacy of PCI in relieving patients’ symptoms.11 However, these studies did not evaluate PCI-related flow changes, and it is possible that the majority of these PCIs might not have resulted in coronary flow improvement. A recent meta-analysis showed an efficacy of FFR-guided PCI in reducing cardiovascular events.1 The result might be interpreted as evidence that the pre-PCI flow conditions were associated with the potential of flow improvement by PCI. Further studies are warranted to clarify the association between flow improvement and clinical outcomes.

Pre- or post-PCI FFR value in a continuous fashion is certainly one of the most important physiological markers. Changes in FFR can be correlated with coronary flow change in a cohort level; however, FFR alone could not accurately predict PCI-related flow change in individual patient levels.

An observational study suggested the potential utility of flow evaluation of another physiological index, coronary flow capacity, in addition to FFR.12 FFR is without doubt a clinically useful marker, but we need to recognise its limitations and explore other markers to support FFR in the prediction of individualised coronary flow improvement following PCI, and its relationship with the incidence of future cardiac events.

Limitations

This study prospectively, but not consecutively, included subjects from a single centre, making selection bias unavoidable. The current method for measuring ABF might not add any clinical value over FFR. Furthermore, it is difficult to determine coronary flow reserve by this method because direct saline infusion induces suboptimal hyperaemia. The reproducibility and inter/intra-observer variability of ABF or MR were not assessed. Other limitations are listed in our previous article.6

Conclusion

Changes in FFR following PCI do not necessarily indicate an increase in absolute coronary blood flow in individual patients, although they could be correlated at cohort level. This discrepancy might be explained by a change in microvascular resistance.

References

  1. Zimmermann FM, Omerovic E, Fournier S, et al. Fractional flow reserve-guided percutaneous coronary intervention vs medical therapy for patients with stable coronary lesions: meta-analysis of individual patient data. Eur Heart J 2019;40:180–6.
    Crossref | PubMed
  2. FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2019;40:87–165.
    Crossref | PubMed
  3. Xaplanteris P, Fournier S, Pijls NHJ, et al. Five-year outcomes with PCI guided by fractional flow reserve. N Engl J Med 2018;379:250–9.
    Crossref | PubMed
  4. Zimmermann FM, Ferrara A, Johnson NP, et al. Deferral vs performance of percutaneous coronary intervention of functionally non-significant coronary stenosis: 15-year follow-up of the DEFER trial. Eur Heart J 2015;36:3182–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  5. Rimac G, Fearon WF, De Bruyne B, et al. Clinical value of post-percutaneous coronary intervention fractional flow reserve value: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2017;183:1–9.
    Crossref | PubMed
  6. Kanaji Y, Murai T, Yonetsu T, et al. Effect of elective percutaneous coronary intervention on hyperemic absolute coronary blood flow volume and microvascular resistance. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2017;10:e005073.
    Crossref | PubMed
  7. Hamaya R, Sugano A, Kanaji Y, et al. Absolute myocardial blood flow after elective percutaneous coronary intervention evaluated on phase-contrast cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Circ J 2018;82:1858–65.
    Crossref | PubMed
  8. Kanaji Y, Yonetsu T, Hamaya R, et al. Impact of elective percutaneous coronary intervention on global absolute coronary flow and flow reserve evaluated by phase-contrast cine-magnetic resonance imaging in relation to regional invasive physiological indices. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2018;11:e006676.
    Crossref | PubMed
  9. Driessen RS, Danad I, Stuijfzand WJ et al. Impact of revascularization on absolute myocardial blood flow as assessed by serial [15O]H2O positron emission tomography imaging: a comparison with fractional flow reserve. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2018;11:e007417.
    Crossref | PubMed
  10. Bangalore S. Applicability of the COURAGE, BARI 2D, and FREEDOM trials to contemporary practice. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68(10):996–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  11. Al-Lamee R, Thompson D, Dehbi HM, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention in stable angina (ORBITA): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2018;391:31–40.
    Crossref | PubMed
  12. Hamaya R, Yonetsu T, Kanaji Y et al. Diagnostic and prognostic efficacy of coronary flow capacity obtained using pressure-temperature sensor-tipped wire-derived physiological indices. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2018;11:728–37.
    Crossref | PubMed