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3 years ago
Clinical trial evidence from the past two decades has demonstrated that lowering cholesterol levels markedly impacts the occurrence of cardiovascular (CV) disease, including coronary heart disease, a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the US and Europe.1–7 Data from these studies form the basis of national and international treatment guidelines delineating lipid thresholds and…
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3 years ago
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes and smoking are key modifiable risk factors.1,2 Published practice guidelines3–10 recommend aggressive treatment of individual risk factors and have defined thresholds for the initiation of and goals for treatment (see Table 1). These treatment…
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3 years ago
Pharmacological regulation of lipid metabolism in patients with dyslipidaemia is undeniably associated with significant reductions in risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. There are strong clinical trial data to support the use of lipid-lowering therapies in the settings of both primary and secondary prevention. Statins and fibrates are two classes of drug that have demonstrated…
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3 years ago
It is widely acknowledged that effective management of hypertension – even if blood pressure (BP) is reduced by only 2mmHg – can significantly reduce the incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF).1 However, despite the wide range of conventional antihypertensive agents available, approximately 70% of patients fail to achieve adequate BP control.2 Furthermore, although…
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3 years ago
Therapeutic targeting of dyslipidaemia has been one of the major successes in cardiovascular medicine over the last three decades. On the basis of unequivocal evidence from animal models through to both population and genetic studies in humans, there is a clear association between increasing levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and incident cardiovascular risk.1 This has prompted efforts to develop…
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3 years ago
The greatest burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is due to non-fatal morbidity and its consequences; whereas CVD accounts for approximately 17 million deaths each year worldwide, current estimates indicate that CVD associated with asymptomatic disease and target organ damage as a result of undetected cardiovascular risk factors affects 128 million people worldwide.1,2 Moreover, the worldwide…
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3 years ago
Hypertension is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) diseases, including cardiac death, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, early diagnosis, prevention and optimal management of hypertension is essential.1 Hypertension poses a growing public health burden: the number of adults with elevated blood pressure (BP) increased from 594…
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3 years ago
The strong positive correlation between plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and cardiovascular (CV) mortality has been documented beyond any doubt.1 A large body of trials aiming at reducing elevated LDL-C levels also shows that therapeutic intervention results in a proportional reduction of CV events independent of the type of intervention (i.e. diet versus drugs or…
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3 years ago
Hypertension becomes more common with increasing age. As we gradually move towards having a higher proportion of elderly people in the population, greater numbers of octogenarians are being treated for hypertension. In this article we describe the main features of hypertension in the elderly and describe some of the particular issues that affect elderly patients. We also discuss the results of…
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2 years ago
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