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3 years ago
During the last few decades, the endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms (EVAR) has revolutionised the treatment of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Since 1991, when Parodi et al.1 reported the first series of successful endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair in humans, enormous developments have been accomplished in techniques, materials and equipment. More delicate techniques and…
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3 years ago
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is a major health risk. The prevalence of PAOD varies with the population observed and the screening method used. In epidemiological studies, measurement of the ankle/brachial index (ABI) is recommended for screening (ABI <0.9 indicates PAOD). Surveys in Germany based on the ABI showed a PAOD prevalence of 2.3% among women aged 45–49 years and of 2…
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3 years ago
Abstract
Several imaging techniques (such as ultrasounds, computed tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], positron emission tomography [PET] scan, etc.) can provide interesting information on subclinical atherosclerosis and plaque stability. In fact sonographic imaging techniques can be very useful in this field. All of them have their limitations, but each of them has its own…
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3 years ago
Over the last 30–40 years in most Western countries, for the first time the number of people developing coronary artery disease (CAD) and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease has gradually decreased. This reduction has been mainly achieved using nationwide atherosclerotic risk-factor control programmes. Nevertheless, cardiovascular diseases remain the major cause of premature death in the…
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3 years ago
Since the introduction of multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in 1998, non-invasive cardiac imaging has developed rapidly. In the recent past, two different objectives can be observed in the technological development of cardiac MSCT. On the one hand, the number of detector rows was increased up to 320 in single-source scanners in order to ensure simultaneous coverage of the entire heart with a…
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3 years ago
Systemic atherosclerosis involves all major arterial vessels, including the carotid and intracranial arteries, coronary circulation, thoracic and abdominal aorta, internal iliac arteries, renal arteries and peripheral vasculature. This generalised disease contributes to cardiac ischaemic disease, stroke, limb loss and a range of other illnesses, and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality…
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3 years ago
Atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related complications such as coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial disease show their clinical manifestation in adulthood. However, changes at the endothelial level do not occur suddenly in the elderly, but are the result of a long, on-going, slowly evolving process. We know from autopsy studies that atherosclerotic processes begin in childhood and…
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3 years ago
Despite the presence of an artificial debate developed in the past decade1,2 focusing on calcium channel blockers and their role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, a huge amount of evidence has been created favouring this class of agents in the treatment of hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases.3 Calcium channel blockers are divided into three classes, the…
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3 years ago
Since the initial description that in the majority of patients paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is triggered by pulmonary vein (PV) ectopy,1 catheter ablation of AF has gone from a niche procedure to a common one, with approximately 20,000 ablations performed per year in the US alone. However, AF ablation remains a technically difficult procedure, requires long training to become proficient,2…
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3 years ago
Contrast echocardiography has become an indispensable tool in non-invasive imaging. In the last decade new contrast agents and contrast-specific imaging technologies have simplified the clinical use of contrast agents and dramatically improved the images acquired. However, there is a price to pay: extra time, the costs of the agent and a small risk of intolerance reactions. Significant…
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